Bcs 011 Solved Free Assignment 2024-25 Sem 1 Part 2

September 30, 2024
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(C) Convert the following numbers as stated (i) Decimal 64.005125 to binary (ii) Decimal 2376 to hexadecimal (iii) Character A and Z to ASCII and Unicode Hexadecimal CFE9A to binary. 

Ans: (i) Convert Decimal 64.005125 to Binary: 

To convert a decimal number with a fractional part to binary, we handle the integer and fractional parts separately. 

  1. Convert the integer part (64) to binary: 

  • [Equation]64÷2=32 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]32÷2=16 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]16÷2=8 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]8÷2=4 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]4÷2=2 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]2÷2=1 remainder 0 

  • [Equation]1÷2=0 remainder 1 

So, the binary representation of the integer part is: 

64 (decimal) = 1000000 (binary). 

  1. Convert the fractional part (0.005125) to binary: Multiply the fractional part by 2, and record the integer part at each step: 

  • [Equation]0.005125×2=0.01025 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.01025×2=0.0205 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.0205×2=0.041 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.041×2=0.082 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.082×2=0.164 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.164×2=0.328 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.328×2=0.656 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.656×2=1.312 → integer part = 1 

  • [Equation]0.312×2=0.624 → integer part = 0 

  • [Equation]0.624×2=1.248 → integer part = 1 

The binary representation of the fractional part is approximately: 

0.0000001010 (binary). 

So, the complete binary representation of 64.005125 (decimal) is approximately: 

64.005125 (decimal) = 1000000.0000001010 (binary).


1111 

(ii) Convert Decimal 2376 to Hexadecimal: 

To convert from decimal to hexadecimal, divide the number by 16 and record the remainders: 

  • [Equation]2376÷16=148 remainder 8 

  • [Equation]148÷16=9 remainder 4 

  • [Equation]9÷16=0 remainder 9 

Thus, the hexadecimal representation of 2376 (decimal) is: 

2376 (decimal) = 948 (hexadecimal). 

(iii) Convert Character 'A' and 'Z' to ASCII and Unicode: 

  • ASCII Code for 'A' = 65 

  • ASCII Code for 'Z' = 90 

In hexadecimal: 

  • 'A' (ASCII) = 0x41 

  • 'Z' (ASCII) = 0x5A 

In Unicode: 

  • 'A' (Unicode) = U+0041 

  • 'Z' (Unicode) = U+005A 

(iv) Convert Unicode Hexadecimal CFE9A to Binary: 

First, convert each hex digit to binary: 

  • C (hex) = 1100 (binary) 

  • F (hex) = 1111 (binary) 

  • E (hex) = 1110 (binary) 

  • 9 (hex) = 1001 (binary) 

  • A (hex) = 1010 (binary) 

Thus, the binary representation of CFE9A (hexadecimal) is: 

CFE9A (hex) = 1100 1111 1110 1001 1010 (binary). 


(d) What is an instruction? What are its components? What is the role of an instruction in a computer? Explain with the help of an example. Where does the instruction reside at the time of execution. 

Ans: What is an Instruction? 

An instruction is a command or operation given to a computer’s CPU to perform a specific task. It is part of a program and tells the computer what actions to take. Instructions are written in machine code or assembly language, and they are executed by the CPU during the program's runtime. 

Components of an Instruction: 

An instruction typically consists of the following components: 

  1. Operation Code (Opcode): 

  • Specifies the operation the CPU is to perform, such as addition, subtraction, load, store, jump, etc. 

  • Example: "ADD", "SUB", "LOAD", "STORE". 

  1. Operands (Data or Address): 

  • These specify the data to be operated on or the location (memory/register) where the data is stored. 

  • There can be one or more operands, which can be registers, memory addresses, or immediate values (constants). 

  1. Addressing Mode: 

  • Specifies how the operands are interpreted (direct addressing, immediate addressing, register addressing, etc.). 

  • It defines whether the operand is a value or the address of the value in memory. 

Example of an Instruction: 

Let's consider an example of an instruction in assembly language: 

SQL 

ADD R1, R2, R3 
 

This means: 

  • Opcode (ADD): Perform an addition operation. 

  • Operand 1 (R1): The destination register where the result of the addition will be stored. 

  • Operand 2 (R2): The first value to be added (stored in register R2). 

  • Operand 3 (R3): The second value to be added (stored in register R3). 

This instruction adds the values stored in registers R2 and R3, and stores the result in register R1. 

Role of an Instruction in a Computer: 

Instructions are the basic units of execution in a computer system. They guide the CPU to perform specific tasks, such as moving data, performing calculations, or controlling the flow of a program. Instructions are critical in: 

  • Program Execution: They control the flow of data and operations within the CPU. 

  • Processing Tasks: They enable the CPU to process data by performing arithmetic, logical, and control operations. 

  • Controlling I/O Devices: Some instructions are designed to handle input/output operations. 

Where Does the Instruction Reside at the Time of Execution? 

At the time of execution, an instruction resides in the main memory (RAM). The CPU uses the Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. The instruction is fetched from memory, placed in the Instruction Register (IR) of the CPU, and then executed by the control unit. 

Example of Instruction Execution: 

Consider the following steps for the ADD R1, R2, R3 instruction mentioned earlier: 

  1. Fetch: 

The CPU fetches the instruction ADD R1, R2, R3 from memory and stores it in the Instruction Register (IR). 

  1. Decode: 

The control unit decodes the opcode (ADD) and identifies the operands (R1, R2, R3). 

  1. Execute: 

The values from registers R2 and R3 are retrieved, the addition operation is performed, and the result is stored in register R1. 

  1. Store: 

The result of the addition is stored in R1, and the program counter is updated to point to the next instruction. 


(E) A 2.5 inch diameter disk has 8 platters with each platter having two data recording surfaces, each platter on disk has 4084 tracks, each track has 400 sectors and one sector can store 1 MB of data. Calculate the storage capacity of this disk in Bytes. If this disk has a seek time of 2 milli-seconds and rotates at the speed of 6000 rpm, find the Access time for the disk. Make suitable assumptions, if any. 

Ans: Calculating the Storage Capacity and Access Time of a Disk: 

Step 1: Calculating the Storage Capacity 

To calculate the total storage capacity of the disk, let's break it down: 

  1. Number of platters = 8 

  1. Number of recording surfaces per platter = 2 

Total recording surfaces = [Equation]8×2=16 surfaces 

  1. Number of tracks per surface = 4084 

  1. Number of sectors per track = 400 

  1. Data stored per sector = 1 MB = [Equation]1×106 bytes (1 MB per sector) 

Now, the total storage capacity for one surface can be calculated as: 

[Equation]Storage per surface=Tracks per surface×Sectors per track×Data per sector [Equation]Storage per surface=4084×400×1MB [Equation]Storage per surface=1,633,600MB 

Since there are 16 surfaces: 

[Equation]Total storage capacity=16×1,633,600MB [Equation]Total storage capacity=26,137,600MB 

Convert this to bytes: 

[Equation]26,137,600MB=26,137,600×106Bytes [Equation]Total storage capacity=26,137,600,000,000Bytes 

Thus, the total storage capacity of the disk is 26.1376 TB (terabytes) or 26,137,600,000,000 bytes. 

Step 2: Calculating the Access Time 

The total access time for a disk consists of two components: 

  1. Seek Time: The time required for the read/write head to move to the correct track. 

  1. Rotational Latency: The time taken for the desired sector to rotate under the read/write head. 

(a) Seek Time: 

  • Given as 2 milliseconds (ms). 

(b) Rotational Latency: 

Rotational latency is calculated based on the disk's rotation speed: 

  • Rotation speed = 6000 revolutions per minute (rpm) 

To convert this to revolutions per second: 

[Equation]6000rpm=606000 revolutions per second=100revolutions per second 

Thus, the time for one full rotation is: 

[Equation]Time per rotation=1001 seconds=10milliseconds 

The average rotational latency is half of the time for a full rotation: 

[Equation]Average rotational latency=210 =5milliseconds 

(c) Total Access Time: 

The total access time is the sum of the seek time and the average rotational latency: 

[Equation]Total access time=Seek time+Rotational latency [Equation]Total access time=2ms+5ms=7ms 

Thus, the total access time for the disk is 7 milliseconds. 


(F) What are the uses of various components of motherboard of a computer? List at least four output devices and ports to which these devices can be connected. Explain the characteristics of these output devices and ports. 

Ans: Uses of Various Components of a Motherboard 

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer that connects all the essential components and allows them to communicate with each other. Here are some of its key components and their uses: 

  1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Socket: 

  • This is where the CPU (the brain of the computer) is installed. It connects the CPU to the motherboard, enabling it to communicate with other components. 

  • Use: Executes instructions, performs calculations, and processes data. 

  1. Memory (RAM) Slots: 

  • These slots hold the Random Access Memory (RAM) modules. 

  • Use: Provides temporary storage for data that the CPU needs during operations, making data access faster than reading from storage devices. 

  1. Chipset (Northbridge and Southbridge): 

  • Northbridge: Manages communication between the CPU, RAM, and graphics card (GPU). 

  • Southbridge: Manages I/O (input/output) operations, such as communication with hard drives, USB devices, and expansion cards. 

  • Use: Facilitates data flow between the CPU, memory, and peripherals. 

  1. BIOS/UEFI Chip: 

  • The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware stored on a small chip on the motherboard. 

  • Use: It initializes the hardware during the boot process and provides runtime services for operating systems. 

  1. Expansion Slots (PCIe, PCI): 

  • These slots are used to connect additional hardware like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, etc. 

  • Use: Expands the functionality of the computer by allowing new hardware to be added. 

  1. Power Connectors: 

  • These provide power from the power supply to the motherboard and its components. 

  • Use: Distributes electricity to the CPU, RAM, and other components. 

  1. Storage Interfaces (SATA, NVMe, M.2): 

  • These connectors are used to connect storage devices such as hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives. 

  • Use: Facilitates data transfer between the motherboard and storage devices. 

  1. USB Headers and Ports: 

  • USB headers are internal connectors for adding USB ports, and USB ports are used to connect external devices like keyboards, mice, and storage devices. 

  • Use: Allows for communication between the computer and peripheral devices. 

  1. Audio Jacks and Connectors: 

  • These are used to connect speakers, headphones, or microphones to the computer. 

  • Use: Transmits and receives audio signals for output or input. 

  1. Network Interface (Ethernet Port): 

  • Used to connect the computer to a network (LAN or internet) via an Ethernet cable. 

  • Use: Provides wired connectivity to the internet or local network. 

 

Output Devices and Ports: 

Here are four output devices and the ports they can be connected to: 

1. Monitor 

  • Port: HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, DVI 

  • Characteristics: 

  • HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Transfers high-definition video and audio signals. Widely used for modern displays and supports resolutions up to 4K or higher. 

  • DisplayPort: Offers better bandwidth than HDMI and is often used for high-end monitors with higher refresh rates. 

  • VGA (Video Graphics Array): Analog signal port used for older monitors. Lower quality than HDMI or DisplayPort. 

  • DVI (Digital Visual Interface): Offers both analog and digital signals, commonly used for medium- to high-quality displays. 

  • Use: Displays visual output from the computer, such as text, graphics, and videos. 

2. Printer 

  • Port: USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi 

  • Characteristics: 

  • USB: Standard for most printers, offering fast and reliable data transfer between the computer and the printer. 

  • Ethernet: Allows the printer to be part of a wired network, enabling multiple computers to access it. 

  • Wi-Fi: Wireless printing capability, allowing computers to connect to the printer without cables. 

  • Use: Outputs documents, photos, and other printed materials. 

3. Speakers 

  • Port: 3.5mm Audio Jack, USB, Bluetooth 

  • Characteristics: 

  • 3.5mm Audio Jack: Standard port for analog audio output, widely used for connecting external speakers or headphones. 

  • USB: Digital audio connection, providing power and audio signals to certain types of speakers. 

  • Bluetooth: Wireless connection for audio devices, allowing speakers to connect without any cables. 

  • Use: Outputs sound from the computer, including music, notifications, and system audio. 

4. Projector 

  • Port: HDMI, VGA, USB-C, DisplayPort 

  • Characteristics: 

  • HDMI: High-definition video and audio transfer, commonly used for modern projectors with high resolution. 

  • VGA: Used in older projectors for lower-resolution displays. 

  • USB-C: Newer port used for both video and power transfer, commonly seen in laptops and modern projectors. 

  • DisplayPort: High-bandwidth video port, suitable for projectors with high-definition capabilities. 

  • Use: Displays the output from the computer on a larger screen for presentations or media viewing. 

 

These devices and ports form the backbone of user interaction with the computer, allowing communication and media output through visual, auditory, and physical interfaces. 


(G) What are the uses of following Software: 

 (i) Data Compression Utility 

 (ii) Media Player  

(iii) Disk Defragmenter  

(iv) Disk checker 

 

Ans: Uses of the Following Software: 

(i) Data Compression Utility: 

A Data Compression Utility is software designed to reduce the size of files or folders by compressing the data. It helps in saving disk space and speeding up data transfer. Popular data compression formats include ZIP, RAR, and 7Z. 

  • Uses: 

  • File Size Reduction: Reduces the size of large files for efficient storage or transfer. 

  • Faster Transfers: Smaller files can be transferred more quickly over the internet or other networks. 

  • Archiving: Groups multiple files or folders into a single compressed archive, making them easier to manage or share. 

  • Encryption: Many compression utilities offer password protection for secure file storage and sharing. 

  • Examples: WinRAR, 7-Zip, WinZip. 

(ii) Media Player: 

A Media Player is software used to play multimedia files like audio, video, and other digital content. Media players support various formats such as MP3, MP4, AVI, and MKV. 

  • Uses: 

  • Playback of Audio/Video Files: Allows users to play music, watch videos, and view media content on their computer. 

  • Streaming: Some media players allow users to stream content directly from the internet. 

  • Playlist Management: Organizes media files into playlists for continuous playback. 

  • Subtitles and Captions: Supports subtitle files for video content. 

  • Examples: VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player, iTunes. 

(iii) Disk Defragmenter: 

A Disk Defragmenter is a utility that reorganizes fragmented data on a hard drive to improve system performance. Fragmentation occurs when files are broken up into pieces and stored in different locations on the disk. 

  • Uses: 

  • Improves Performance: By rearranging fragmented data, the disk defragmenter reduces the time required for the hard drive to access files, improving read and write speeds. 

  • Optimizes Storage: Consolidates free space and ensures data is stored in contiguous blocks, making future data storage more efficient. 

  • Reduces Wear and Tear: Helps extend the life of mechanical hard drives by reducing the amount of movement needed to access data. 

  • Examples: Windows Disk Defragmenter, Auslogics Disk Defrag. 

(iv) Disk Checker: 

A Disk Checker (or disk diagnostic utility) is software used to scan a hard drive or storage device for errors, bad sectors, and potential file system issues. It helps maintain the health of the storage system and ensures data integrity. 

  • Uses: 

  • Error Detection: Identifies and reports file system errors, corrupted files, or bad sectors on the disk. 

  • Repairs Issues: Many disk checkers can repair minor errors and fix file system inconsistencies to prevent data loss. 

  • Preventive Maintenance: Regular use can help prevent data loss by detecting problems early. 

  • File System Integrity: Ensures the stability and health of the file system, making sure files are correctly read and written. 

  • Examples: CHKDSK (Check Disk in Windows), Disk Utility (macOS), HD Tune. 

 

 

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