MCS-014 Solved Free Assignment 2024-25 Sem 3
Q1. Develop SRS for Railway Reservation System . SRS should be as per IEEE
standard SRS template. Make necessary assumptions.
Ans:-Â Â Software Requirements Specification (SRS) for Railway Reservation System
---
**Project Name:** Railway Reservation SystemÂ
**Document Status:** DraftÂ
**Date:** October 18, 2024Â
**Version:** 1.0
---
1. **Introduction**
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is to provide a detailed description of the functional and non-functional requirements for the Railway Reservation System (RRS). This document is intended for developers, project managers, testers, and users.
1.2 Scope
The Railway Reservation System is designed to facilitate the booking, cancellation, and management of railway tickets. The system will provide functionalities such as user registration, ticket reservation, seat availability checking, and reporting. The system will support multiple user roles such as customers, railway administrators, and agents.
1.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
- **RRS:** Railway Reservation System
- **PNR:** Passenger Name Record
- **GUI:** Graphical User Interface
- **DBMS:** Database Management System
- **SRS:** Software Requirements Specification
1.4 References
- IEEE Std 830-1998, IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications
- Any specific railway authority guidelines (assumed to be provided by the client)
 1.5 Overview
This document provides an overview of the Railway Reservation System, defining both functional and non-functional requirements, system interfaces, user classes, constraints, and other critical factors.
---
2. **Overall Description**
2.1 Product Perspective
The Railway Reservation System will be a web-based application that interacts with a central database to manage reservation activities. It will interface with payment gateways, email/SMS notification services, and the existing railway scheduling system.
2.2 Product Features
- User Registration & Authentication
- Ticket Booking & Reservation
- Ticket Cancellation
- Seat Availability Checking
- Payment Gateway Integration
- Reporting Module for Railway Administrators
2.3 User Classes and Characteristics
- **Customers:** General public who book tickets.
- **Agents:** Authorized agents who can book tickets on behalf of customers.
- **Railway Administrators:** Personnel who manage the system, reports, and ticket availability.
- **System Administrator:** Responsible for managing and maintaining the system.
2.4 Operating Environment
- **Web Browsers:** Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
- **Database:** MySQL or PostgreSQL
- **Operating System:**
 Linux/Windows/MacOS for servers
- **Web Server:** Apache or Nginx
2.5 Design and Implementation Constraints
- High-security standards are required for user data and payment processing.
- The system must be scalable to support multiple concurrent users.
- Data consistency and reliability are crucial.
 2.6 Assumptions and Dependencies
- The users will have access to the internet.
- Integration with third-party payment gateways will be possible.
- The railway schedule system is already in place.
---
3. **System Features**
3.1 User Registration and Login
3.1.1 Description
- Users must register to create an account and log in to the system. This includes email verification and password management.
 3.1.2 Functional Requirements
- The system must allow users to register by providing their details (name, email, phone number, password).
- Password recovery via email should be supported.
 3.2 Ticket Booking
3.2.1 Description
- Users can book tickets by selecting routes, dates, and available seats.
3.2.2 Functional Requirements
- The system should allow users to search for trains based on source and destination.
- The system must display seat availability.
- Users should be able to select seats and complete the booking process.
- The system should generate a PNR and confirmation upon successful booking.
 3.3 Ticket Cancellation
 3.3.1 Description
- Users can cancel their booked tickets and receive a refund based on the cancellation policy.
 3.3.2 Functional Requirements
- The system should allow users to cancel tickets by entering their PNR.
- The system should calculate and process refunds as per the policy.
 3.4 Payment Integration
 3.4.1 Description
- Payment for tickets will be processed through secure third-party payment gateways.
3.4.2 Functional Requirements
- The system must integrate with multiple payment gateways (credit card, net banking, UPI).
- The system should send a confirmation email/SMS after successful payment.
 3.5 Reporting Module
 3.5.1 Description
- Railway administrators will have access to reports that provide insights into bookings, cancellations, and revenue.
 3.5.2 Functional Requirements
- The system should generate reports on daily, weekly, and monthly ticket bookings.
- Reports should be exportable in CSV and PDF formats.
---
 4. **External Interface Requirements**
4.1 User Interfaces
- The system will provide a responsive web interface for end-users.
- Simple, intuitive design with a mobile-friendly layout.
4.2 Hardware Interfaces
- Servers must support high availability and load balancing.
- The database should be able to store large amounts of data efficiently.
 4.3 Software Interfaces
- Interaction with external payment gateways.
- Email/SMS APIs for notifications.
 4.4 Communication Interfaces
- HTTPS for secure communication between users and the system.
- RESTful APIs for integration with other systems (e.g., existing railway schedules).
---
 5. **Non-Functional Requirements**
 5.1 Performance Requirements
- The system must handle up to 10,000 concurrent users.
- Search results for seat availability should load within 3 seconds.
 5.2 Security Requirements
- The system must use SSL encryption for all user data transmissions.
- User passwords must be hashed and stored securely.
- Role-based access control for different user types.
 5.3 Usability Requirements
- The interface must be user-friendly and accessible for people with disabilities.
- It should support multiple languages (assumed: English, Hindi).
5.4 Reliability and Availability
- The system must have 99.9% uptime.
- The system should have failover mechanisms in place for disaster recovery.
 5.5 Maintainability
- The codebase must follow modular design principles.
- Regular backups of the system’s data should be taken.
---
6. **Other Requirements**
6.1 Legal and Regulatory Requirements
- The system must comply with data privacy laws such as GDPR.
- The system must follow PCI DSS for payment processing security.
 6.2 Database Backup and Recovery
- The database should have daily backups, with options for on-demand backups.
 6.3 Auditing and Logging
- The system should maintain logs for all major actions (bookings, cancellations, payments).
---
**Appendix A: Glossary**Â
- **Concurrent Users:** Number of users interacting with the system at the same time.Â
- **Failover:** A system’s ability to switch to a backup component in case of failure.Â
---
This SRS document follows the IEEE standard template and outlines the key requirements for the Railway Reservation System. Adjustments may be made based on further discussions with stakeholders.
Q2. Draw the DFDs upto 3rd level for Railway ReservationSystem.
Ans:-Â To create a Data Flow Diagram (DFD) up to the 3rd level for a Railway Reservation System, we would start from a high-level view (Level 0 or the Context Diagram) and gradually break it down into more detailed levels (Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3). The following is an outline of the DFD levels:
Level 0: Context Diagram This is the top-level DFD that gives an overview of the Railway Reservation System and shows the interaction with external entities.
**Entities:**
- **User (Customer/Agent):** The end-user of the system, either booking or canceling tickets.
- **Railway Admin:** Manages the schedules, train details, and reporting.
- **Payment Gateway:** Handles payment transactions.
- **Railway Database:** Stores the reservation details, availability, and user data.
**Level 0 DFD (Context Diagram)**
```plaintext
+---------------------------------------------------+
|Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â User (Customer/Agent)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |
|Â Â (registers, books, cancels tickets)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |
+---------------------------------------------------+
          |                                 |
          v                                 v
 +--------------------------------+  +-------------------+
 |       Railway Reservation    |  |  Payment Gateway |
 |           System             |<-->| (process payments)|
 |                               |  +-------------------+
 | (PNR Generation, Seat Avail,  |          ^
 |  Ticket Booking/Cancellation) |          |
 +--------------------------------+          |
          |                                 Â
          v                                 Â
+------------------------------+Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
|  Railway Database           |
|  (Train Schedules, Booking  |
|Â Â Details, User Info)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |
+------------------------------+
```
---
Level 1: Decomposition of the Main System
At this level, the Railway Reservation System is broken down into its major subsystems.
 **Processes:**
1. **User Registration and Authentication**
2. **Ticket Booking**
3. **Ticket Cancellation**
4. **Payment Processing**
5. **Train Schedule Management**
6. **Reporting**
 **Level 1 DFD**
```plaintext
+---------------------------------------------------+
|                   User                          |
+---------------------------------------------------+
          |                                   |
          v                                   v
+-----------------------------+Â +--------------------------+
|  1.0 User Registration &   | |  2.0 Ticket Booking     |
|      Authentication        | |  (Select Train, Check   |
+-----------------------------+Â |Â Â Availability, Book Seat) |
          |                                   |
          v                                   v
+-----------------------------+Â Â +--------------------------+
| 3.0 Ticket Cancellation    |  | 4.0 Payment Processing |
|Â (Cancel, Refund)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â Â |Â (Payments, PNR Gen.)Â Â Â |
+-----------------------------+Â Â +--------------------------+
          |                                   |
          v                                   v
+-----------------------------+Â Â +--------------------------+
|  5.0 Train Schedule Mgmt   |  | 6.0 Reporting & Admin   |
|Â Â (Manage Trains, Schedules) |Â Â |Â (View Reports, Stats)Â Â Â |
+-----------------------------+Â Â +--------------------------+
       |                                       |
       v                                       v
+------------------------------------+Â Â +-------------------+
|  Railway Database (Train Data,   |  | Payment Gateway   |
|Â Â User Data, Booking Info)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â Â | (Process Payments) |
+------------------------------------+Â Â +-------------------+
```
---
 Level 2: Decomposition of Major Processes
**2.0 Ticket Booking**
This process involves checking train availability, booking a seat, and handling user interaction.
```plaintext
+-----------------------------+Â
|       2.0 Ticket Booking   |
+-----------------------------+
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.1 Search Trains         |Â
|Â Â (Source, Destination, Date)|Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.2 Check Availability    |Â
|Â Â (Check for Available Seats)|Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.3 Select Seat & Confirm |Â
|Â Â (User Selects Seats)Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.4 Book Ticket           |Â
|Â Â (Confirm Booking)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  Railway Database (Train   |Â
|Â Â Data, Seat Availability)Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+
```
 **4.0 Payment Processing**
The Payment Processing process handles ticket payments, integrating with external payment systems.
```plaintext
+-----------------------------+Â
|    4.0 Payment Processing  |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  4.1 Select Payment Method |Â
|Â Â (Credit, Debit, UPI, etc.) |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  4.2 Process Payment       |Â
|Â Â (Validate Payment Details) |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  4.3 Confirm Payment       |Â
|Â Â (Confirmation of Payment)Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|Â Â Payment Gateway (External) |Â
|Â Â (Process Payments)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
```
---
Level 3: Further Decomposition of Ticket Booking (2.0)
 **2.3 Select Seat & Confirm**
This breaks down into more detailed steps involving user interactions.
```plaintext
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.3 Select Seat & Confirm |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.3.1 Display Seat Layout |Â
|Â Â (Show Available Seats)Â Â Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.3.2 User Selects Seats  |Â
|Â Â (Select Desired Seats)Â Â Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+Â
          |                  Â
          v                  Â
+-----------------------------+Â
|  2.3.3 Confirm Seat        |Â
|Â Â (Confirm Selected Seats)Â Â |Â
+-----------------------------+
          |
          v
+-----------------------------+Â
|  Railway Database          |Â
|Â Â (Update Seat Availability) |Â
+-----------------------------+
```
This completes the DFD decomposition up to the 3rd level for the Railway Reservation System. The DFDs illustrate how data flows between users, the system, and external entities.
Q3. Draw ERD for an Railway Reservation System. Make necessary assumptions.
Ans:-Â To create the **Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)** for the Railway Reservation System, we will identify the key entities, their attributes, and the relationships between them. Below is a detailed outline of the entities and relationships, followed by a textual description of the ERD.
Assumed Entities:
1. **User**
  - Attributes: `User_ID (PK)`, `Name`, `Email`, `Phone_Number`, `Password`, `User_Type` (Customer/Agent/Admin)
  - Relationships: Books tickets, Cancels tickets
2. **Train**
  - Attributes: `Train_ID (PK)`, `Train_Name`, `Source_Station`, `Destination_Station`, `Departure_Time`, `Arrival_Time`
  - Relationships: Includes schedules, provides seats for booking
3. **Schedule**
  - Attributes: `Schedule_ID (PK)`, `Train_ID (FK)`, `Date`, `Total_Seats`, `Available_Seats`
  - Relationships: Represents a specific train journey on a particular date
4. **Ticket**
  - Attributes: `Ticket_ID (PK)`, `PNR`, `User_ID (FK)`, `Schedule_ID (FK)`, `Seat_Number`, `Booking_Status`, `Booking_Date`
  - Relationships: Linked to users and schedules
5. **Payment**
  - Attributes: `Payment_ID (PK)`, `Ticket_ID (FK)`, `Payment_Amount`, `Payment_Method`, `Payment_Date`, `Payment_Status`
  - Relationships: Linked to tickets
6. **Seat**
  - Attributes: `Seat_ID (PK)`, `Schedule_ID (FK)`, `Seat_Number`, `Seat_Status` (Booked/Available)
  - Relationships: Represents individual seats on a schedule
 ERD Components:
- **User** can book multiple **Tickets**.
- A **Ticket** is linked to a specific **Schedule** of a **Train**.
- Each **Schedule** has a fixed number of **Seats**.
- **Payment** is associated with a **Ticket**.
- **Train** runs on multiple **Schedules** (each schedule represents a specific journey on a date).
Textual Description of the ERD:
Entities and Relationships
1. **User** (`User_ID`, `Name`, `Email`, `Phone_Number`, `Password`, `User_Type`)
  - Relationship with **Ticket**: A user can book or cancel multiple tickets.
 Â
2. **Train** (`Train_ID`, `Train_Name`, `Source_Station`, `Destination_Station`, `Departure_Time`, `Arrival_Time`)
  - Relationship with **Schedule**: A train can have multiple schedules.
 Â
3. **Schedule** (`Schedule_ID`, `Train_ID`, `Date`, `Total_Seats`, `Available_Seats`)
  - Relationship with **Train**: Each schedule is related to one train and represents its journey on a specific date.
  - Relationship with **Seat**: Each schedule has a set of seats available for booking.
  - Relationship with **Ticket**: Each ticket is linked to a particular schedule.
 Â
4. **Seat** (`Seat_ID`, `Schedule_ID`, `Seat_Number`, `Seat_Status`)
  - Relationship with **Schedule**: A seat belongs to a specific schedule.
 Â
5. **Ticket** (`Ticket_ID`, `PNR`, `User_ID`, `Schedule_ID`, `Seat_Number`, `Booking_Status`, `Booking_Date`)
  - Relationship with **User**: A ticket is booked by a user.
  - Relationship with **Schedule**: A ticket is for a specific schedule.
  - Relationship with **Payment**: A ticket has one corresponding payment.
 Â
6. **Payment** (`Payment_ID`, `Ticket_ID`, `Payment_Amount`, `Payment_Method`, `Payment_Date`, `Payment_Status`)
  - Relationship with **Ticket**: A payment is associated with one ticket.
 ERD Diagram in Text Form:
```plaintext
+-------------------+Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â +--------------------+Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â +------------------+
|     User        |        |      Train       |         |   Schedule     |
|-------------------|Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |--------------------|Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |------------------|
| PK User_IDÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â | PK Train_IDÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â |Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â | PK Schedule_IDÂ Â |
| Name             |        | Train_Name        |         | Date            |
| Email            |        | Source_Station    |         | Total_Seats     |
| Phone_Number     |        | Destination_Station|         | Available_Seats |
| Password         |        | Departure_Time    |         | FK Train_ID     |
| User_Type        |        | Arrival_Time      |         +------------------+
+-------------------+Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â +--------------------+Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â |
        |                             |                           |
        |                             |                           |
        |                             |                           |
        +---------+           +--------------------+              |
                  |           |                   |              |
                  v           v                   v              v
         +-------------------+      +-------------------+    +--------------------+
         |     Ticket       |      |      Seat       |    |     Payment      |
         |-------------------|      |-------------------|    |--------------------|
         | PK Ticket_ID      |      | PK Seat_ID       |    | PK Payment_ID     |
         | PNR               |      | Seat_Number      |    | Payment_Amount    |
         | FK User_ID        |      | Seat_Status      |    | Payment_Method    |
         | FK Schedule_ID    |      | FK Schedule_ID   |    | Payment_Date      |
         | Seat_Number       |      +-------------------+    | Payment_Status    |
         | Booking_Status    |                                   | FK Ticket_ID     |
         | Booking_Date      |                                   +------------------+
         +-------------------+                    Â
```
In this ERD, relationships between entities are represented as lines connecting them. The `FK` (Foreign Key) notation indicates how entities are linked to each other. For example, the `Schedule_ID` in the **Ticket** entity links it to the **Schedule** entity.
This ERD shows the core data structure and relationships necessary for a Railway Reservation System.
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