Class 12th environmental science (333) Solved Free Assignment 2024-25 (NIOS)
1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
What do you understand buffering capacity of the earth and why is it so much important for survival of any organism?(See lesson-1)
Ans:- **Buffering Capacity of the Earth:**
The buffering capacity of the Earth refers to its ability to maintain environmental stability by absorbing and neutralizing changes, such as fluctuations in pH, temperature, or pollutants. This is crucial for survival as it ensures a stable habitat, regulates ecosystems, and prevents harmful imbalances that could disrupt the life cycles of organisms.
Or
There are given list of some ecosystem. Classify them into natural ecosystem and human modified ecosystem:
Brahmaputra river, Aquaculture, Himalayan Mountain, Tree plantation, Urban ecosystem, Northern Plains of India, Tehri dam, Western Ghats (See Lesson-7)
Ans:- Here is the classification of the given ecosystems into **natural ecosystems** and **human-modified ecosystems**:
**Natural Ecosystems:**
- Brahmaputra River
- Himalayan Mountain
- Northern Plains of India
- Western Ghats
**Human-Modified Ecosystems:**
- Aquaculture
- Tree Plantation
- Urban Ecosystem
- Tehri Dam
2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
How can school curriculum play an important role towards environmental conservation and ethics? (See Lesson-26)
Ans:- **Role of School Curriculum in Environmental Conservation:**
The school curriculum can instill environmental ethics and awareness by teaching topics like conservation, sustainable practices, and the impact of human activities on nature. Activities like tree planting, waste management projects, and eco-club participation encourage hands-on learning. This shapes students' attitudes and behaviors, promoting responsibility towards protecting the environment.
Or
Name the technique which is responsible for increasing the fish yield to a large extent. Due to this technique for yielding of fish, a large number of fish population suffer due to expansion of fish farming. Mention any four consequences /problems that you want to highlight and write at least one sentence on for every consequences /problems. (See Lesson-20)
Ans:- The technique responsible for increasing fish yield to a large extent is **aquaculture** or **fish farming**.
Consequences/Problems of Aquaculture:
1. **Water Pollution:**
Excess feed, waste, and chemicals from fish farms pollute nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
2. **Loss of Biodiversity:**
The introduction of non-native species for farming can lead to competition and threaten native fish populations.
3. **Overuse of Antibiotics:**
Frequent use of antibiotics to prevent diseases in fish farms can lead to antibiotic resistance and harm human health.
4. **Habitat Destruction:**
Mangroves and coastal ecosystems are often destroyed to create fish farms, leading to loss of natural habitats.
3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words
State any one natural disaster. Why should we train local people of a community to deal with emergency. (See Lesson-12)
Ans:- **Natural Disaster:** Floods.
Training local people in disaster preparedness is crucial because they are the first responders during emergencies. Knowledge of evacuation plans, first aid, and rescue techniques empowers them to save lives, minimize damage, and ensure a quicker recovery. Community-level preparedness also reduces dependence on external aid.
Or
List three major fossil fuel. Are they renewable or non-renewable resources? Also mention the characteristics of peat, hard coal and intermediate coal. (See Lesson-16)
Ans:- **Three Major Fossil Fuels:**
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Natural Gas
These are **non-renewable resources**, as they take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished on a human timescale.
**Characteristics of Coal Types:**
1. **Peat:**
- Contains the least carbon content.
- High moisture and low energy value.
- Forms the first stage in coal formation.
2. **Hard Coal (Anthracite):**
- Highest carbon content (up to 95%).
- Burns efficiently with minimal smoke.
- Most valuable and used for energy production.
3. **Intermediate Coal (Bituminous):**
- Moderate carbon content (60-80%).
- Commonly used for electricity generation and industrial purposes.
- Produces more smoke compared to anthracite.
4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
List and explain any four kinds of cultivation and farming techniques that can be employed to reduce soil erosion. Also provide reasons too. (See Lesson-17)
Ans:- **Four Cultivation and Farming Techniques to Reduce Soil Erosion**
1. **Contour Plowing:**
- Plowing along the natural contours of the land prevents water runoff and minimizes soil erosion.
- Reason: This technique slows down water flow, allowing more water to seep into the soil rather than washing it away.
2. **Terracing:**
- Creating step-like levels on slopes reduces the speed of water runoff.
- Reason: It traps soil and water on each level, preventing erosion in hilly areas.
3. **Crop Rotation:**
- Alternating crops, especially with deep-rooted plants, improves soil structure and reduces erosion.
- Reason: Different crops protect the soil year-round, reducing the chances of soil being exposed.
4. **Agroforestry:**
- Planting trees alongside crops reduces wind and water erosion.
- Reason: Tree roots bind the soil, while their canopy protects it from the impact of rain and wind.
These techniques enhance soil fertility and promote sustainable agriculture.
Or
i. What is Kalpavriskh?What is its contribution towards society? (See Lesson-25)
ii. Also mention the contribution of Dr Bindeshawar Pathak. (See Lesson-25)
Ans:-
**i. Kalpavriksh**
**Kalpavriksh** is a legendary wish-fulfilling tree mentioned in Indian mythology, symbolizing nature's generosity. It is metaphorically linked to environmental conservation movements and the role of trees in sustaining life.
**Contribution towards Society:**
Kalpavriksh signifies the importance of trees as life-givers, providing oxygen, food, medicine, and shelter. Conservation efforts inspired by this concept encourage sustainable practices and promote reforestation to combat climate change.
---
**ii. Contribution of Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak**
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak is the founder of **Sulabh International**, a social service organization in India.
**Key Contributions:**
- Revolutionized sanitation by introducing affordable and eco-friendly toilets, improving hygiene and public health.
- Empowered manual scavengers by providing them with alternative livelihoods, dignity, and education.
- Advocated for human rights, women's empowerment, and environmental conservation.
His work has significantly improved living conditions and sanitation across India.
5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
i. What is meant by hydrological cycle? From where this cycle derive energy for continuing for years? (See Lesson-27A)
ii. Why do we consider ground water as a suitable source of water supply in India? (See Lesson-28A)
Ans:-
**i. Hydrological Cycle and Its Energy Source**
The **hydrological cycle**, also known as the water cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. It involves processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff, ensuring the distribution and recycling of water across the planet.
The energy for this cycle is primarily derived from the **sun**. Solar energy drives evaporation of water from oceans, rivers, and other water bodies. The cycle is also influenced by gravity, which enables water flow in rivers and groundwater infiltration. This process has sustained life on Earth for millions of years by maintaining a balanced water distribution.
---
**ii. Groundwater as a Suitable Source in India**
Groundwater is considered suitable for water supply in India due to:
1. **Availability:** It is widely available and accessible, even in remote areas.
2. **Quality:** Generally free from surface contaminants, making it suitable for drinking and irrigation.
3. **Sustainability:** Rechargeable through rain and infiltration, ensuring a long-term source.
4. **Reliability:** Unlike surface water, it is less affected by seasonal variations, ensuring year-round supply.
Groundwater supports agriculture and drinking water needs, especially in rural areas, making it a critical resource for the country.
Or
i. Why do we consider hydrogen as very promising clean fuels? (See Lesson-27B)
ii. Why do we consider fossil fuel as a limited source of energy? (See Lesson-28B)
Ans:-
**i. Hydrogen as a Promising Clean Fuel**
Hydrogen is considered a promising clean fuel because it produces **water vapor** as the only byproduct when burned, eliminating harmful emissions like carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming. It is abundant, energy-dense, and can be generated using renewable sources. Hydrogen can power vehicles, industries, and homes, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
**ii. Fossil Fuels as a Limited Source of Energy**
Fossil fuels are considered limited because they are **non-renewable resources** formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals. Their extraction and use deplete existing reserves, which cannot be replenished in a human timeframe. Over-reliance on fossil fuels also leads to environmental issues, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives.
6. Prepare any one of the two projects given below:
On 18th December 2023 at around 23.59 30 CST , an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9 to 6.2 struck Jishishan County in Gansu Province, China. Such type of natural disasters can happen anywhere in the world too. You can prepare a brief report about 500 words and you can also paste visuals of the above mentioned disaster. Either you can take help to use news paper cuttings /cuttings from magazines / book /other sources or elders to highlight this disaster with reference to points as mentioned below
a. Name the cities those were affected due to this earthquake.
b. Give reasons why earthquakes are occurring frequently in recent time.
c. Highlight the impact of earthquake on humans, animals and infrastructures etc. of these affected cities.
d. Also write about the management of such type of earthquake (post earthquake )
Ans:- **Project: Earthquake in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, China (December 18, 2023)**
**a. Affected Cities**
The earthquake that struck Jishishan County, Gansu Province, China, on December 18, 2023, with a magnitude of 5.9 to 6.2, affected several cities and regions in the area. Some of the most impacted locations include:
- **Jishishan County**
- **Lanzhou** (the provincial capital)
- **Zhangye**
- **Baiyin**
These cities experienced significant tremors, which caused structural damages and disruptions to daily life.
**b. Reasons for Frequent Earthquakes**
Earthquakes are occurring more frequently due to several factors:
1. **Tectonic Plate Movements:** The Earth's crust is divided into large plates that constantly move. The collision or sliding of these plates causes stress, which eventually results in earthquakes.
2. **Increased Seismic Activity:** Global seismic activity is increasing as human activities such as mining, dam construction, and fracking disturb the Earth's natural stress balance, potentially triggering small-scale earthquakes.
3. **Urbanization and Densely Populated Areas:** With more people living near fault lines, the impact of earthquakes is more pronounced, even though the frequency might not have significantly increased.
**c. Impact of the Earthquake**
The earthquake in Gansu Province had a profound effect on the region, including:
1. **Impact on Humans:**
- **Casualties and Injuries:** Hundreds of people were injured, and dozens lost their lives due to building collapses, landslides, and the shockwaves.
- **Psychological Effects:** The tremors caused widespread panic, and the psychological toll of living in constant fear of aftershocks has been substantial.
- **Displacement:** Many people were forced to evacuate their homes, leading to a temporary displacement of thousands of residents.
2. **Impact on Animals:**
- **Habitat Destruction:** The earthquake caused landslides that destroyed wildlife habitats, putting many animals at risk.
- **Livestock Losses:** Farmers lost cattle and poultry due to collapsing buildings and damaged infrastructure, which had a significant economic impact on rural areas.
3. **Impact on Infrastructure:**
- **Damage to Buildings:** Many buildings, including residential homes, schools, and government structures, suffered severe structural damage.
- **Transportation Disruptions:** Roads, bridges, and railways were destroyed or blocked due to landslides, making it difficult to reach affected areas.
- **Power and Water Outages:** Infrastructure such as electricity and water supplies was disrupted, leading to further challenges in recovery efforts.
**d. Management of the Earthquake (Post-Earthquake)**
Post-earthquake management is crucial for minimizing further loss and ensuring recovery. In the case of the Gansu earthquake, several steps were taken:
1. **Immediate Relief Operations:**
Emergency teams, including medical personnel, firefighters, and local authorities, rushed to the affected areas to rescue survivors, provide medical care, and distribute food and water supplies. Temporary shelters were set up for those displaced by the earthquake.
2. **Search and Rescue:**
Search-and-rescue operations continued for several days to locate survivors trapped under the rubble. The use of sniffer dogs and rescue equipment helped to save lives, although the extent of damage made the operations challenging.
3. **Rehabilitation and Reconstruction:**
Long-term rehabilitation plans were put in place to rebuild homes, schools, and hospitals. International aid and support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were mobilized for reconstruction efforts.
4. **Psychosocial Support:**
Psychological counseling was provided to help survivors cope with trauma and loss. This was crucial in areas where many people had lost family members or homes.
5. **Seismic Risk Reduction Programs:**
Following the earthquake, authorities reviewed and improved building codes, focusing on constructing earthquake-resistant structures. Public awareness campaigns about preparedness and evacuation plans were also initiated.
In conclusion, the earthquake in Gansu Province highlights the devastating effects of natural disasters, but also shows the resilience of affected communities and the importance of efficient disaster management. The lessons learned from this earthquake will contribute to better preparedness for future seismic events.
**Visuals:** (Here, you can add relevant images of the earthquake aftermath, including photographs of the affected areas, rescue efforts, or maps of the earthquake zones.)
---
Feel free to use news articles, images, or other sources to strengthen the report.
Or
The Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international climate summit, which is held annually unless the Parties (the countries involved) decide otherwise. This convention set out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” At COPs, world leaders gather to work together on solutions to tackle climate change. There are now 198 Parties (197 countries plus the European Union) to the Convention, constituting near universal membership. Till date 28 COPs meeting have already been organized. You can use book/internet/ newspaper/magazines/ consultation with your elders/ tutors from your AI Centre for writing report. Write your report upto 500 words dealing with followings points about COP.
1. What is the main objective of COPs?
2. When and where the first meeting of COPs was held?
3. Write the brief summary of COP-28 meeting.
4. Mention the initiative is being taken by India at COP-28
Ans:- **Report on Conference of the Parties (COP)**
The **Conference of the Parties (COP)** to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the annual gathering of world leaders, policymakers, and experts aimed at addressing global climate change. The COP meetings serve as the primary platform for negotiating and advancing international climate policies and commitments.
**1. Main Objective of COPs**
The main objective of the COP meetings is to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." In simpler terms, COP aims to limit global warming and reduce the impacts of climate change through global cooperation, policy development, and effective action. The key goals include:
- Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Ensuring financial and technical support for developing countries to adapt to climate change.
- Promoting climate justice by ensuring that vulnerable nations are not disproportionately affected.
- Strengthening commitments to sustainability and environmental protection.
**2. First Meeting of COP**
The **first COP meeting** was held in **Berlin, Germany**, in **1995**, where the **Berlin Mandate** was established to strengthen international action on climate change. This event marked a significant step in global climate negotiations and set the groundwork for future agreements. Since then, COP has been organized annually to address the evolving challenges of climate change.
**3. Brief Summary of COP-28**
COP-28 was held in **2023** at the **Expo City Dubai**, **United Arab Emirates (UAE)**. This summit was a landmark event in the ongoing global effort to combat climate change, as it brought together world leaders, negotiators, and activists from around the world to evaluate progress on the Paris Agreement and set new goals. Some key highlights of COP-28 include:
- **Global Emissions Reduction:** There was a continued emphasis on reducing global carbon emissions, with many countries committing to accelerate their national climate action plans (NDCs). One of the significant discussions focused on the need to reduce emissions to net-zero by mid-century.
- **Loss and Damage Fund:** A major achievement at COP-28 was the agreement on a **Loss and Damage Fund**, which aims to provide financial support to vulnerable countries facing the immediate impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and droughts.
- **Renewable Energy Investments:** COP-28 also highlighted the need for increased investments in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydrogen to meet global energy demands sustainably.
- **Climate Finance:** The discussion on climate finance was pivotal. Developed countries were urged to fulfill their promise to provide $100 billion annually to developing nations to help them mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
**4. Initiatives Taken by India at COP-28**
India has consistently played an important role in climate change negotiations, balancing the need for development with its commitment to tackling global warming. At COP-28, India introduced several significant initiatives:
- **Panchamrit Declaration for 2030:** India reaffirmed its commitment to its **Panchamrit** (five-pronged) climate action plan, which includes:
1. **Achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2070**: India set its long-term goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, a step towards global climate stability.
2. **Reducing Carbon Intensity**: India aims to reduce its carbon intensity (emissions per unit of GDP) by 45% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels.
3. **Increasing Renewable Energy Capacity**: India plans to increase its renewable energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030, a substantial shift towards sustainable energy sources.
4. **Energy Efficiency and Climate-Resilient Infrastructure**: India aims to improve energy efficiency and enhance climate-resilient infrastructure.
5. **Promoting Carbon Markets**: India supports the creation of global carbon markets, which will help developing countries access financial support for clean technologies and sustainable projects.
- **Climate Finance and Technology Transfer**: India called for enhanced financial and technological support from developed countries to help developing nations achieve their climate goals. India has emphasized that climate action should be inclusive, with developed nations taking on a larger share of responsibility due to their historical emissions.
- **Emphasis on Equity and Justice**: India emphasized the principle of **climate justice**, advocating for fair and equitable solutions to climate change that recognize the needs and vulnerabilities of developing countries.
No comments: