Class 12th Sociology (331) Solved Free Assignment 2024-25 (NIOS)

1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

a) “Sociology has practical relevance in our life”. Explain the intent with suitable examples. (See Lesson-1) 

Ans:-  Sociology has practical relevance in our life as it helps us understand human behavior, social structures, and relationships. For example, by studying sociology, we can address social issues like inequality, poverty, and discrimination. It also informs policies in areas like education, healthcare, and law, guiding better decision-making for societal development.

b) Spencer’s view on the evolution of societies becomes known as ‘Social Darwinism’. Are you also convinced with the statement? Explain. (See Lesson-2)

Ans:- Herbert Spencer's view on the evolution of societies, known as "Social Darwinism," suggests that societies evolve in a manner similar to biological organisms, with the "survival of the fittest" determining social progress. While this theory has been influential, it is controversial. Critics argue that it justifies inequality and neglects social factors like culture and power dynamics. Social evolution is more complex than a simple natural selection process, and Spencer's view oversimplifies societal development.

2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

(a). Every status has many roles attached to it. Explain with example. (See Lesson-7)

Ans:- Every status comes with multiple roles that individuals are expected to perform in society. For example, a person with the status of a "teacher" has roles such as educating students, grading assignments, and maintaining discipline. Similarly, a "parent" has roles like caregiving, providing, and nurturing. These roles are shaped by societal expectations and can vary based on context.

(b) How would you justify that norms are indispensable part of our life? (See Lesson-8)

Ans:- Norms are indispensable in our lives as they provide guidelines for behavior, ensuring social order and cohesion. They help individuals understand what is acceptable or unacceptable in society. For example, norms against stealing promote trust and security, while those governing polite behavior facilitate smooth social interactions. Without norms, societies would face chaos and confusion, as there would be no clear expectations for conduct. 

3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

a) Explain those behaviours which do not show conformity with norms & values of a society. (See Lesson-21) 

Ans:- Behaviors that do not conform to societal norms and values are known as deviant behaviors. These include actions like theft, violence, or dishonesty, which violate social expectations. Such behaviors challenge the established norms and can lead to social sanctions or legal consequences. Deviance, however, is often relative, varying across cultures and contexts.

b)  How education arouse awareness about the effects of environment? Write your views. (See Lesson-22) 

Ans:- Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about environmental issues by informing individuals about the impact of human actions on nature. It teaches about climate change, pollution, resource depletion, and sustainability. Through subjects like environmental science, people learn how their daily choices affect the planet, encouraging responsible behaviors such as recycling, conservation, and eco-friendly practices. This awareness helps foster a sense of collective responsibility toward environmental preservation.  

4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.

a) Competition is a social process found in all human society & culture. Explain the process of competition with appropriate example. (See Lesson-2)

Ans:-  Competition is a social process where individuals or groups strive for limited resources or rewards, such as wealth, power, or social status. It is a fundamental aspect of all human societies and cultures, driving innovation, progress, and social mobility. The process of competition involves both cooperation and conflict, as people work toward achieving their goals while often facing opposition from others pursuing similar objectives.

For example, in the education system, students compete for academic excellence, scholarships, or prestigious colleges. This competition encourages hard work, innovation in teaching methods, and the pursuit of knowledge. Similarly, in the business world, companies compete to provide better products and services, leading to technological advancements and improved customer satisfaction. However, competition can also result in negative outcomes, such as social inequality or unethical practices, when the desire to win outweighs concern for fairness and justice. Therefore, while competition fosters growth, it also requires regulation and balance for the well-being of society.

b) Do you think that integration is a complex social process than acculturation and assimilation? Explain. (See Lesson-21)

Ans:- Yes, integration is generally a more complex social process than acculturation and assimilation. While acculturation and assimilation focus on the adjustment of individuals or groups to a dominant culture, integration involves the creation of a more inclusive social structure where diverse cultural groups coexist while retaining their distinct identities.

- **Acculturation** refers to the exchange of cultural traits between two or more groups, where one group may adopt elements of the other’s culture. It’s often a more one-sided process.

  

- **Assimilation** involves a minority group gradually adopting the customs and values of the dominant group, eventually losing its original cultural traits in the process.

In contrast, **integration** is a more complex and multi-dimensional process because it seeks to maintain cultural diversity while promoting social cohesion. It requires balancing the preservation of distinct cultural identities with the need for unity in a society. Integration promotes mutual respect and cooperation among diverse groups, which often involves navigating challenges such as social equality, policy-making, and overcoming prejudice.

For example, in countries with multicultural policies, like Canada, integration means fostering both cultural diversity and social cohesion, which is more challenging than simple assimilation or acculturation, as it requires the active involvement of all groups in building a shared, yet diverse, society.

5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words. 

a) Is really our country secular? Justify you answer with relevant facts. (See Lesson-15)

Ans:-  India is constitutionally a secular country, meaning that the state does not favor any religion and ensures equal treatment of all religious communities. The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion under Articles 25-28, which allows individuals to practice, profess, and propagate their faith without interference from the state. 

However, in practice, the secular nature of India is often questioned. Religious identity plays a significant role in Indian politics, with political parties sometimes aligning with particular religious groups to garner votes. For example, the rise of Hindu nationalism and religious-based political movements in recent decades has led to debates about the country's true secularism. Instances of religious intolerance, communal violence, and the marginalization of minority groups, such as Muslims and Dalits, have also raised concerns about the gap between constitutional ideals and societal realities.

While India remains legally secular, the ongoing social and political challenges suggest that secularism is often a work in progress, needing continuous effort to ensure true equality for all religions.

b) According to you what are the challenges to National Integration. (See Lesson-25)

Ans:- National integration in India faces several challenges due to its diverse social, cultural, and political fabric. Some key challenges include:

1. **Religious and Cultural Diversity**: India is home to a wide variety of religious and cultural groups, and sometimes, these differences lead to tensions, communal violence, and religious polarization, undermining social harmony.

2. **Regionalism**: Regional disparities in economic development, language, and culture often foster regional pride and separatist movements. For instance, linguistic or ethnic demands for autonomy in states like Kashmir or Tamil Nadu can challenge national unity.

3. **Economic Inequality**: There are significant economic disparities between different regions and communities. Poverty and unequal access to resources and opportunities can lead to feelings of alienation, creating divisions between rich and poor, urban and rural, or different caste groups.

4. **Political Polarization**: In recent years, political polarization based on caste, religion, or regional identity has intensified. This has resulted in a fragmented political landscape, where parties cater to specific groups, further deepening divisions.

5. **Social Inequality and Discrimination**: Issues like caste-based discrimination, untouchability, and gender inequality persist, creating social hierarchies that hinder efforts toward integration and equal treatment for all citizens.

To overcome these challenges, India needs to promote inclusive policies, foster mutual respect among diverse groups, and ensure equal opportunities for all citizens to contribute to the nation’s progress

6 . Prepare any one project of the following projects given below.

a)  Interview 10 women of your locality. Find out the schemes & programmes given to them by government and voluntary organizations. Based on their response make a comparative analysis of their educational, social and economic development over the years. (See Lesson-34A)

Ans:-  Project: **Interviewing 10 Women of My Locality on Government Schemes and Their Social, Educational, and Economic Development**

 **Objective:**

To understand the impact of government schemes and voluntary organizations on the educational, social, and economic development of women in my locality. The project will involve interviewing 10 women from different backgrounds to gather information on the schemes they have accessed and analyze their development over the years.

 **Methodology:**

1. **Selection of Participants:**  

   Choose 10 women from diverse age groups, educational backgrounds, economic status, and occupations to ensure a varied sample.

   

2. **Interview Guidelines:**  

   The interviews will focus on the following key areas:

   - **Government Schemes and Programs:** Which schemes have they benefited from? (e.g., Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Ujjwala Yojana, PMAY, Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, etc.)

   - **Educational Development:** What is their level of education? How have the schemes improved their access to education?

   - **Social Development:** Have these schemes helped in empowering them socially (e.g., awareness programs, self-help groups, women’s safety)?

   - **Economic Development:** How have government and voluntary organizations impacted their financial independence or livelihood (e.g., skill development, loans, subsidies)?

3. **Data Collection:**

   Conduct face-to-face or telephonic interviews, ensuring that the questions are open-ended to encourage detailed responses.

4. **Analysis:**  

   Based on the responses, a comparative analysis will be done on how the schemes have influenced:

   - **Educational Development:** Access to education and skills development programs.

   - **Social Development:** Changes in their social status, participation in community affairs, and awareness of their rights.

   - **Economic Development:** Changes in income levels, financial independence, and access to entrepreneurial opportunities.

 **Sample Questions for Interviews:**

1. Which government schemes have you benefited from in the past few years?

2. How have these schemes helped you in terms of education or skill development?

3. Do you feel more empowered socially after participating in these programs?

4. Have these schemes improved your economic situation? If yes, in what way?

5. Have you noticed any changes in your community regarding women’s participation in decision-making or leadership roles?

6. What more can be done to improve the current schemes for women?

**Expected Outcomes:**

- **Educational Development:** Most women will have accessed schemes promoting girls’ education or adult literacy programs, leading to greater educational participation.

- **Social Development:** Some women may have benefited from social empowerment schemes such as self-help groups or safety initiatives, enabling them to take on leadership roles within their communities.

- **Economic Development:** Women who participated in livelihood enhancement programs or microfinance schemes might show increased economic independence, with some even starting small businesses or gaining employment through skill development initiatives.

 **Comparative Analysis:**

Based on the responses from the 10 women, the following patterns may emerge:

- **Positive Changes:** Women who have had access to a broader range of schemes (e.g., education, economic support, health care) are likely to show improved social, educational, and economic status.

- **Challenges:** Some women may not have had sufficient access to these programs due to lack of awareness or regional barriers, thus limiting their growth in certain areas.

- **Regional Disparities:** Women from urban or semi-urban areas may have better access to schemes compared to those in rural or remote locations.

**Conclusion:**

The project would highlight both the progress made and the gaps that still exist in ensuring the equitable development of women in the locality. It will emphasize the importance of targeted interventions by both the government and voluntary organizations in improving the quality of life for women and ensuring their holistic development in educational, social, and economic spheres.

 **References:**

1. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India

2. Reports on Women Empowerment Schemes (e.g., Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, MUDRA Yojana)

3. Local Government Offices or NGOs working on Women’s Empowerment

b) Visit any 10 families in your locality and asked them about positive and negative impact of television on culture. Based on the interview and discussion with family members write a report. (See Lesson-35A)

Ans:-  Report on the Positive and Negative Impact of Television on Culture Based on Interviews with 10 Families

 **Introduction:**

Television has long been a powerful medium in shaping public opinion, cultural norms, and lifestyles. This report is based on interviews with 10 families in my locality, aiming to understand the positive and negative impacts of television on culture. The families interviewed represent a diverse cross-section of the community, including different age groups, educational backgrounds, and social statuses. The focus was on their views regarding how television influences cultural practices, values, and social interactions.

 **Methodology:**

The survey involved informal interviews with 10 families, including discussions with parents, children, and elderly members. The questions focused on their perspectives about how television affects cultural norms, social behavior, and family dynamics. Both qualitative and quantitative feedback were gathered through open-ended questions and brief discussions.

 **Positive Impact of Television on Culture:**

1. **Awareness and Education:**

   Many families noted that television has been a great source of education, particularly for children. Educational channels like Discovery, National Geographic, and channels with educational programs like *TED Talks* or *Krishi Darshan* have broadened horizons. Television has helped children and adults learn about diverse cultures, global events, history, and important life skills.

   - Example: One family shared that their children had developed an interest in science and nature after watching programs on Discovery and Animal Planet.

2. **Promotion of Social Awareness:**

   Several families mentioned that television programs raise awareness about social issues, such as health, environmental concerns, and women’s rights. Programs focusing on social justice, public health campaigns, and government schemes have brought attention to important causes.

   - Example: Families recognized the role of television in spreading awareness about government initiatives like the *Beti Bachao Beti Padhao* campaign, leading to more support for girls' education.

3. **Cultural Exchange and Global Connectivity:**

   Television also exposes families to global cultures, offering a window into the lifestyles, traditions, and entertainment of other countries. This fosters a sense of connection with the outside world and enhances cultural exchange.

   - Example: One family noted that watching international sports like the *FIFA World Cup* and *Olympics* helped them connect with global events and inspired discussions about diverse cultures and countries.

4. **Entertainment and Family Bonding:**

   Many families mentioned that television serves as a source of entertainment that brings the family together. Watching movies, TV shows, and news as a group encourages family bonding, discussion, and shared experiences.

   - Example: One family reported that watching weekly serials or family movies on weekends had become a family tradition that strengthened their bonds.

#### **Negative Impact of Television on Culture:**

1. **Negative Influence on Traditional Values:**

   Some families expressed concern that certain television content undermines traditional cultural values. Popular reality shows, westernized programming, and consumerist advertisements were seen as promoting values that conflict with local customs and morals.

   - Example: A few parents expressed concern over the influence of foreign shows and movies on their children, fearing that they might imitate inappropriate behavior or become more materialistic.

2. **Impact on Family Time:**

   Several families observed that excessive television viewing has led to a decline in meaningful family interactions. Children and even adults often prefer watching television rather than engaging in face-to-face communication, leading to isolation within the family.

   - Example: One mother shared that her children often spent more time watching TV than talking to each other or playing together, which affected family bonding.

3. **Distortion of Social Norms and Gender Roles:**

   Some interviewees pointed out that television sometimes portrays distorted or unrealistic images of gender roles. Programs that focus on idealized beauty standards or promote stereotypes about women and men were seen as reinforcing narrow, outdated perceptions of gender.

   - Example: A few women mentioned that TV advertisements often show women in stereotypical domestic roles, which can perpetuate societal expectations that limit women’s potential.

4. **Exposure to Violence and Aggression:**

   A significant concern among families was the exposure to violence, crime, and aggressive behavior in certain television shows, which can desensitize viewers, particularly children, to real-life violence. This, they argued, can lead to the normalization of aggressive behavior in society.

   - Example: Some parents reported that their children, after watching violent action movies or crime series, became more aggressive in their behavior at school or at home.

5. **Influence on Health and Lifestyle:**

   Television also has a negative impact on the health of viewers, especially children, due to sedentary behavior. Prolonged TV watching often leads to unhealthy eating habits, a lack of physical activity, and, in some cases, obesity.

   - Example: One family mentioned that their children, who spent long hours watching television, had gained weight and exhibited less interest in outdoor activities.

 **Conclusion:**

Television, as both a source of entertainment and a platform for learning, has a profound influence on culture. It has positively impacted education, social awareness, and cultural exchange, promoting global connectivity and enhancing family bonding through shared viewing experiences. However, its negative effects, such as promoting unrealistic values, encouraging sedentary lifestyles, and affecting family dynamics, cannot be ignored. 

In order to maximize the positive impact and minimize the negative effects, families need to be selective about the content they watch and set boundaries on screen time. Additionally, there is a need for more responsible programming that aligns with social values and promotes healthy lifestyles. Television, when used wisely, can be a powerful tool for cultural growth, education, and social change.