Class 12 computer sciences (330) Solved Free Assignment 2024-25 (NIOS)
1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
i. HR of a company wants to send an e-mail regarding Invitation for Interview to multiple candidates simultaneously. She wants to send it in a way that no candidate should know about who else is being called for the Interview. Suggest her a way to send the e-mail. (See Lesson 7)
Ans:- To send an email invitation for an interview to multiple candidates without revealing other recipients, the HR can use the **Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy)** feature. By entering the candidates’ email addresses in the Bcc field instead of the To or Cc fields, each recipient will receive the email without seeing the email addresses of the other candidates.
ii. Arrange the following units of memory in ascending order of storage capacity. Gigabyte, Kilobyte, Terabyte, Megabyte, Petabyte (See Lesson 1)
Ans:- The units of memory in ascending order of storage capacity are:
**Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte.**
2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
i. How do Compilers differ from Interpreters in the way they convert the High Level Language Code (Source Code) into Machine Code(Object Code). (See Lesson 3)
Ans:- Compilers and interpreters both convert high-level language code into machine code, but they do so differently. A **compiler** translates the entire source code into machine code at once, creating an executable file. This process occurs before execution, making the program run faster. An **interpreter**, on the other hand, translates and executes code line-by-line, which can make the execution slower but allows for easier debugging.
ii. Evaluate the following C++ expressions: (See Lesson 12)
a) int x=7; x+=2;
b) int a, b=3, c=4; a= b*2/3+c/2*3;
Ans:- Let's evaluate each expression:
a)
```cpp
int x = 7;
x += 2;
```
Here, `x += 2` adds 2 to the current value of `x`, which is 7.
So, \( x = 7 + 2 = 9 \).
**Result:** `x = 9`
b)
```cpp
int a, b = 3, c = 4;
a = b * 2 / 3 + c / 2 * 3;
```
Let's break down the expression step-by-step, following the order of operations:
1. `b * 2 = 3 * 2 = 6`
2. `6 / 3 = 2`
3. `c / 2 = 4 / 2 = 2`
4. `2 * 3 = 6`
5. Finally, `a = 2 + 6 = 8`
**Result:** `a = 8`
3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
i. Change the following [Finger Pointing “You”] statements in a more subtle way using assertive communication skills: (See Lesson 29)
a) You have written a poor Assignment. Go and write it again.
b) How many times do I need to explain the same concept? Can’t you understand in the first go.
Ans:- Here’s how these statements can be reframed using assertive communication:
a) "The assignment could benefit from some improvements. It would be great if you could work on it again for better clarity."
b) "I think I might need to explain this concept in a different way to help it make more sense. Let me know if anything is still unclear."
These statements focus on the task, not the person, and encourage improvement without sounding accusatory.
ii. One of the most important skills an entrepreneur must have is the soft skills. List out any four major skills that come under soft skills. (See Lesson 28)
Ans:- Here are four major soft skills essential for entrepreneurs:
1. **Communication Skills** – Ability to convey ideas effectively and listen actively.
2. **Leadership Skills** – Guiding and motivating a team toward achieving goals.
3. **Problem-Solving Skills** – Analyzing issues and finding creative solutions.
4. **Time Management** – Organizing tasks efficiently to meet deadlines and priorities.
These skills help entrepreneurs build relationships, inspire teams, and navigate challenges effectively.
4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
i. Data processing consists of activities grouped into four functional categories that are necessary to transform data into meaningful information, often referred to as the Data Processing Cycle. Briefly explain this cycle using a suitable flow diagram. (See Lesson 22)
Ans:- The **Data Processing Cycle** involves a sequence of steps to convert raw data into meaningful information, organized into four main stages:
1. **Data Collection**: The first step is gathering data from various sources. This data must be relevant, accurate, and complete, as it forms the foundation for further processing.
2. **Data Input**: In this stage, the collected data is organized and entered into a processing system. This may involve coding or categorizing data to facilitate further handling.
3. **Data Processing**: The inputted data undergoes manipulation and transformation to extract useful information. This includes calculations, comparisons, and other forms of analysis, depending on the intended outcomes.
4. **Data Output and Storage**: Finally, the processed information is presented in a readable format, like reports or charts, and stored for future reference.
Here's a simplified flow diagram representing the **Data Processing Cycle**:
```
Data Collection → Data Input → Data Processing → Data Output & Storage
```
This cycle is crucial for converting raw data into actionable insights, enabling better decision-making.
ii. Discuss Free and Open Source Softwares (FOSS)? List out the major benefits of using FOSS. (See Lesson 11)
Ans:- **Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)** refers to software that is freely available for use, modification, and distribution by anyone. Unlike proprietary software, FOSS allows users access to the source code, enabling them to adapt the software to meet their specific needs. Popular examples of FOSS include **Linux**, **Apache**, and **LibreOffice**.
Major Benefits of Using FOSS:
1. **Cost Savings**: FOSS is typically free to use, reducing software costs significantly, especially for organizations and educational institutions.
2. **Flexibility and Customization**: With access to the source code, users can modify and customize the software to fit their unique requirements.
3. **Community Support and Collaboration**: FOSS has large, active communities that offer support, contribute improvements, and collaborate to address issues quickly.
4. **Security and Transparency**: The open nature of FOSS means that anyone can examine the code, making it easier to identify and fix security vulnerabilities.
Using FOSS promotes innovation, collaboration, and affordability, making it an excellent choice for both individuals and organizations.
5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
i. Explain the following terms briefly using suitable examples: (See Lesson 13)
a) Data Encapsulation
b) Inheritance
Ans:- a) **Data Encapsulation**
Data encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) where the internal details of an object are hidden from the outside world, and access is provided through public methods. This ensures that the object's data is protected and can only be modified in controlled ways.
For example, consider a `BankAccount` class where the balance is kept private. To modify or view the balance, methods like `deposit()` and `withdraw()` are used, ensuring that the balance cannot be directly changed from outside the class.
```cpp
class BankAccount {
private:
double balance;
public:
void deposit(double amount) {
if (amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
}
}
double getBalance() {
return balance;
}
};
```
b) **Inheritance**
Inheritance is an OOP principle where a new class (subclass) acquires properties and behaviors (methods) of an existing class (superclass). This allows for code reusability and the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes.
For example, a `Car` class can inherit from a `Vehicle` class, meaning the `Car` class will inherit all properties (like `speed` or `fuelLevel`) and methods (like `start()` or `stop()`) from `Vehicle`.
```cpp
class Vehicle {
public:
void start() { cout << "Vehicle is starting"; }
};
class Car : public Vehicle {
public:
void honk() { cout << "Car is honking"; }
};
```
Here, `Car` inherits the `start()` method from `Vehicle`, adding its own `honk()` method.
ii. Write the Output/ Find Errors in the following code snippets. (See Lesson 12)
a) Write the output:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=12, b=25;
a>b ? cout<<”a is max” : cout<< “b is max”;
}
b) Write the output:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
float a=10, b=27;
int c;
c=(a+b)/2;
cout<<c;
}
c) Underline the Error:
#include
a) **Output:**
```cpp
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=12, b=25;
a>b ? cout<<"a is max" : cout<< "b is max";
}
```
**Explanation:** The conditional operator (`? :`) checks if `a` is greater than `b`. Since `a` (12) is not greater than `b` (25), it will print "b is max".
**Output:**
```
b is max
```
---
b) **Output:**
```cpp
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
float a=10, b=27;
int c;
c=(a+b)/2;
cout<<c;
}
```
**Explanation:** Here, `a + b = 10 + 27 = 37`. Dividing by 2 gives `37 / 2 = 18.5`. However, since `c` is of type `int`, the fractional part is discarded, and `c` becomes 18.
**Output:**
```
18
```
---
c) **Error:**
```cpp
#include void main()
{
int x, y, z;
cin>>x>>y;
z= X+Y;
cout>>z;
}
```
**Errors:**
1. `#include` is missing the specific header file (e.g., `#include<iostream>`).
2. The variable names `X` and `Y` should be lowercase (`x` and `y`), as C++ is case-sensitive.
3. `cout>>z;` should be `cout << z;` (using the correct stream insertion operator `<<`).
**Corrected Code:**
```cpp
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x, y, z;
cin >> x >> y;
z = x + y;
cout << z;
}
```
---
d) **Error:**
```cpp
#include void main()
{
int a, b, c;
cin >> a >> b;
c = a - b;
cout >> z;
}
```
**Errors:**
1. `#include` is missing the specific header file (e.g., `#include<iostream>`).
2. The variable `z` is used in `cout >> z`, but it is not declared anywhere. It should be `c` instead of `z`.
3. `cout >> z;` should be `cout << c;`.
**Corrected Code:**
```cpp
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c;
cin >> a >> b;
c = a - b;
cout << c;
}
```
6. Answer any one of the following questions
i. Riya wants to purchase an assembled desktop computer. (See Lesson 1, 3)
a) What major hardware devices/ components she should ensure to be assembled?
b) Which software she must get installed initially (for the very first time) so that the desktop computer becomes functional?
c) She wants to transfer data from her laptop to this desktop. Which portable small storage device she may use?
d) Which output device she should purchase and connect with her desktop if she wants to listen to songs?
e) She installed MS office in her desktop. Which type of software it is?
f) She wants to convert her notes on “Components of a Computer” into digital form (editable). What input device she should use?
Ans: -
a) **Major hardware devices/components Riya should ensure to be assembled:**
1. **Central Processing Unit (CPU)** – The brain of the computer that executes instructions.
2. **Motherboard** – The main circuit board that connects all components.
3. **Random Access Memory (RAM)** – Temporary memory used by the CPU for running programs.
4. **Hard Drive/SSD** – For permanent storage of data and software.
5. **Power Supply Unit (PSU)** – Provides power to the components.
6. **Graphics Card (GPU)** – Required for rendering visuals, especially for gaming or graphic design.
7. **Cooling System** – Prevents overheating of the components.
8. **Input Devices (Keyboard & Mouse)** – For user interaction.
---
b) **Software to be installed initially:**
For a desktop to become functional, Riya must install the following essential software:
1. **Operating System (OS)** – Such as **Windows**, **Linux**, or **macOS**, which will provide the interface and manage the hardware.
2. **Device Drivers** – Software that enables the operating system to interact with hardware devices like the graphics card, sound card, etc.
3. **Antivirus Software** – For basic security against malware and viruses.
---
c) **Portable small storage device to transfer data:**
Riya can use a **USB flash drive** (also known as a **thumb drive** or **pen drive**) for transferring data. These devices are portable, have fast data transfer speeds, and can easily be plugged into USB ports on both her laptop and desktop.
---
d) **Output device to listen to songs:**
To listen to songs, Riya should purchase **speakers** or **headphones**. These are output devices that convert digital audio signals into sound that she can hear.
---
e) **Type of software for MS Office:**
**MS Office** is an example of **Application Software**. It is used to perform specific tasks like word processing, creating spreadsheets, making presentations, etc.
---
f) **Input device to convert notes into digital form (editable):**
To convert her notes into digital, editable form, Riya should use a **scanner**. A scanner will capture the text and images from her physical notes and convert them into digital files that she can edit on her computer. If she prefers to type her notes manually, a **keyboard** can also be used to input the content.
ii. Cloud Computing is a buzz word in today’s world.Elaborate upon the advantages of Cloud Computing? Also differentiate between SaaS, PaaS and IaaS with suitable examples. (See Lesson 26)
Ans:- Advantages of Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services (such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and more) over the internet, allowing businesses and individuals to access and manage resources remotely. Here are some key advantages of cloud computing:
1. **Cost Efficiency**: Cloud computing reduces the need for expensive hardware and infrastructure. Users can rent resources on-demand, paying only for what they use.
2. **Scalability**: Cloud services can be scaled up or down depending on demand, which helps businesses adjust their resources based on fluctuating requirements without major investments.
3. **Accessibility and Flexibility**: Cloud services are accessible from anywhere with an internet connection, enabling remote work and providing flexibility in how and where users access their data.
4. **Automatic Updates and Maintenance**: Cloud providers manage software updates, security patches, and maintenance, reducing the burden on IT teams.
5. **Data Security and Backup**: Cloud platforms often provide robust data security measures and automatic backup services, ensuring data is protected and can be restored if needed.
6. **Collaboration**: Cloud applications enable easy sharing and collaboration among teams, as users can access and work on shared documents in real time.
---
Difference Between SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS:
Cloud services are generally categorized into three main models: **SaaS (Software as a Service)**, **PaaS (Platform as a Service)**, and **IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)**. Here’s a breakdown:
1. **SaaS (Software as a Service)**:
- **Definition**: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet. The software is fully managed by the service provider, and users access it via web browsers.
- **Examples**: **Google Workspace**, **Microsoft 365**, **Dropbox**.
- **Use Case**: Ideal for businesses and individuals who need ready-to-use applications without worrying about underlying infrastructure or platform management.
2. **PaaS (Platform as a Service)**:
- **Definition**: PaaS provides a platform and environment for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications. It offers tools for development and deployment, abstracting much of the infrastructure and server management.
- **Examples**: **Google App Engine**, **Microsoft Azure App Services**, **Heroku**.
- **Use Case**: Useful for developers who want to focus on coding and application logic without managing hardware or underlying software layers.
3. **IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)**:
- **Definition**: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. It offers basic infrastructure like virtual machines, storage, and networks, and users manage the operating system and applications.
- **Examples**: **Amazon Web Services (AWS)**, **Microsoft Azure**, **Google Cloud Platform**.
- **Use Case**: Suitable for businesses that need full control over their infrastructure but want to avoid the expense of managing physical servers.
---
Summary of Differences:
In short, **SaaS** provides fully managed applications, **PaaS** offers a platform for developing and deploying applications, and **IaaS** delivers virtualized infrastructure for maximum control over computing resources.
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